Lesson 21 · Statistics

Frequency and Cumulative Frequency

MathematicsSubject
13 minEstimated read
Trading detail for shape

You give up knowing which mark belonged to whom, and in exchange you can see the shape of the whole set.

Tally marks and frequency

Group the tallies in fives, because a human eye counts fives far more reliably than eleven separate strokes.

Go through the data once, not once per value

Read the list once, in order. Always check at the end that the frequencies add up to the number of pieces of data you started with.

Grouping into classes

Six to ten classes usually works well: too few and the detail disappears, too many and the shape does not appear.

Classes must not overlap and must not leave gaps

0 to 10 then 10 to 20 leaves a mark of 10 in two classes. 0 to 9 then 11 to 20 leaves it in none. Every value must fit exactly one class.

Term What it means For the class 20 to 29
Class limitsThe smallest and largest values it holds20 and 29
Class sizeHow many values it covers10
Class markThe middle value24.5
FrequencyHow many pieces of data fall in itWhatever the tally gives
Grouping loses information for ever

Once you know seven students scored between 20 and 29, you no longer know whether they scored 20 or 29. Keep the original list.

Cumulative frequency answers a different question

Frequencies 3, 5, 7 and 4 give cumulative figures 3, 8, 15 and 19. The last one must equal the total number of pieces of data.

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